Prior to the advent of the British colonial rule, very little is known about the region’s history. It is generally assumed that prior to settling in the region, its various indigenous inhabitants were “nomads” transmigrating from one area to another. Circumstantial evidences may be supportive of this assumption – the Jhum cultivation system (also known as rotational or swidden cultivation) which was the primary livelihood means for most of the ethnic groups before they settled down for a sedentary lifestyle is basically a nomadic type of agriculture.

Although no historical facts can be given, the earliest people to arrive in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) may belong to the larger Kuki group of peoples: Lushai, Pankho, Mro, Kyang and Khumi. The subsequent migration came from the Tripura group: Murung and Tripura. The Marmas are basically from the Arakan region of the present-day Myanmar (Burma).

The origin of the Chakmas – the largest and most dominant indigenous group – is veiled in legends. According to this legend, they came from a place called Champaknagar and descendants of one of the Prince of the kingdom – Bijoygiri. But legends apart, they probably settled in the CHT at least as early as the sixteenth century – a map of that period by a Portuguese named Joao De Barros show a people called “Chakomas” living in the region, although the exact relations between the Chakomas of Barros’ map and the Chakmas could not be fully corroborated.

During the late eighteenth century when the rule of the East India Company was established in the province of Bengal, the Chakmas exerted the greatest influence and their kings exercised almost total control over indigenous society of the region.